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Iqbaliat Code No. 405 Past Papers | AIOU

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• Iqbaliat (405)

Download and view past papers for Iqbaliat code number 405 (AIOU) for the semester of spring and autumn. It is a 6 credit hours book.Old papers will provide a clear understanding of important areas or parts of the subjects. Also previous examinations papers will provide a guess for the upcoming examination.Below table provide past papers. Click on the link to view:

• Economics of Pakistan (406)
• Modern Muslim World (407)
• Economics (402)
• Arabic (408)
• Commercial Geography (409)
• Sociology-I (411)
• Social & Cultural Anthropology (412)

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The Allama Iqbal Open University was established in May, 1974, with the main objectives of providing educational opportunities to masses and to those who cannot leave their homes and jobs. During all these past years, the University has more than fulfilled this promise.

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برائے مہربانی امتحانی مشقیں حل کرنے سے پہلے درج ذیل ہدایات کو غور سے پڑھیے ۔ہدایات برائے طلبامیٹرک، ایف اے اور بی اے پروگرامز

۔1۔ تمام سوالات لازمی ہیں اور تمام سوالات کے نمبر مساوی ہیں البتہ ہر سوال کی نوعیت کے مطابق نمبر تقسیم ہوں گے۔ ۔2۔ سوالات کو توجہ سے پڑھیے اور سوال کے تقاضے کے مطابق جواب تحریر کیجیے۔ ۔3- مقررہ تاریخ کے بعد/تاخیر کی صورت میں امتحانی مشقیں اپنے متعلقہ ٹیوٹر کو نہ بھیجنے کی صورت میں تمام تر ذمہ داری طالب علم پر ہو گی۔ ۔4۔ آپ کے تجزیاتی اور نظریاتی طرزِ تحریر کی قدر افزائی کی جائے گی۔ ۔5۔ غیر متعلقہ بحث / معلومات اور کتب، سٹڈی گائیڈ یا دیگر مطالعاتی مواد سے ہو بہو نقل کرنے سے اجتناب کیجیے۔

Please read the following instructions for writing your assignments.

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1. All questions are compulsory and carry equal marks but within a question the marks are distributed according to its requirements. 2. Read the question carefully and then answer it according to the requirements of the question. 3. Late submission of assignments will not be accepted. 4. Your own analysis and synthesis will be appreciated. 5. Avoid irrelevant discussion/information and reproducing from books, study guide or allied material۔

Rollno Slips / End Term Assesment (Q P) for Semester Autumn 2019

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Aiou solved assignments spring 2023 download free pdf.

Download Current Semester New Assignments Click Here

AIOU Solved Assignments Spring 2023 Download Free PDF. AIOU stands for Allama Iqbal Open University , which is a public research university located in Islamabad, Pakistan. It was established in 1974 and is known for its distance education programs that cater to students from all over Pakistan and other countries. Allama Iqbal Open University (AIOU) is a renowned institution in Pakistan, that provides distance learning education to students across the country. The university offers various undergraduate, graduate, and postgraduate programs in different fields. To ensure that students receive a quality education, AIOU has a rigorous assessment system, which includes assignments, quizzes, and exams. To help students with their assignments, the university provides solved assignments, which are available in the form of PDFs. AIOU Solved Assignments Spring 2023 Download Free PDF.

AIOU offers a wide range of academic programs, including undergraduate and graduate degrees, diplomas, and certificates in various fields of study. It also provides a variety of professional development courses and training programs to help individuals improve their skills and knowledge.

One of the key features of AIOU’s distance education system is the use of assignments as a means of assessing students’ learning and understanding of course material. Students are required to complete assignments for each course they are enrolled in, and these assignments carry a significant weightage in their overall course grades.

To help students prepare for these assignments, AIOU provides solved assignments that include sample answers and explanations to commonly asked questions. These solved assignments are designed to help students understand the concepts and topics covered in their course and provide them with a framework for approaching their own assignments.

What are Solved Assignments?

Solved assignments are the answers to the questions given in the assignment provided by the university. These assignments are solved by experts who have a deep understanding of the subject matter. The solved assignments are designed to help students understand the concepts and ideas presented in the course material. They also help students to prepare for their exams by providing them with a clear understanding of the topics covered in the course.

Importance of Solved Assignments:

Solved assignments are an essential part of the learning process. They help students to gain a better understanding of the course material and develop critical thinking skills. Solved assignments provide students with a clear understanding of the topics covered in the course, which helps them to prepare for their exams. Moreover, solved assignments also serve as a reference guide for students who are struggling with a particular concept.

Benefits of Downloading AIOU Solved Assignments:

AIOU solved assignments are available in PDF format, which makes it easy for students to download and access them on their devices. The solved assignments are designed to help students understand the course material better, which ultimately leads to better grades. By downloading the solved assignments, students can get an idea of the type of questions that are likely to be asked in the exams. This helps them to prepare for their exams in a better way.

Furthermore, solved assignments can also be used as a reference guide for future studies. Students can refer to these assignments when they are revising for exams or when they are studying a particular topic. Solved assignments are an excellent resource for students who are struggling with a particular topic or concept. By referring to the solved assignments, students can get a clear understanding of the topic, which can help them to improve their grades.

How to Download AIOU Solved Assignments:

To download AIOU-solved assignments, students need to follow a few simple steps. Firstly, they need to visit the official website of AIOU. Once on the website, students need to navigate to the assignments section. In this section, students can find the solved assignments for their respective courses. They can select the course they are enrolled in and download the solved assignments in PDF format.

It is essential to note that students should only download the solved assignments from the official website of AIOU. There are several websites that claim to provide solved assignments, but these assignments may not be accurate or reliable. Therefore, students should only rely on the official website of AIOU to download their solved assignments.

AIOU solved assignments are an excellent resource for students who are looking to improve their grades and gain a better understanding of the course material. These assignments are designed to help students understand the topics covered in the course, and they serve as a reference guide for future studies. By downloading the solved assignments, students can get an idea of the type of questions that are likely to be asked in the exams, which helps them to prepare for their exams in a better way. Therefore, students should take advantage of this resource and download the solved assignments from the official website of AIOU.

Now let’s talk about how to download AIOU solved assignments for Spring 2023 in PDF format. There are several ways to do this, depending on your preferences and circumstances.

The first option is to visit the AIOU website and download the solved assignments from there. To do this, follow these steps:

• Go to the website ( www.skilling.pk ).
• Click on the “Assignments” tab in the main menu.
• Select your program level (e.g., Bachelor’s, Master’s, etc.) and then select your course code from the list of available courses.
• Click on the “Download” button next to the solved assignment for your course.
• The solved assignment will be downloaded in PDF format, which you can save or print as needed.

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[2021] AIOU Solved Assignments BA, B.Com PDF

Allama Iqbal Open University has a system of Assignments. One must have to send Assignments the Hand-Written assignments to the AIOU Tutor assigned to him/her.

Now you can download all updated AIOU Solved Assignments for BA, BCom in PDF for semester Spring and Autumn.

• AIOU Solved Assignments of FA, ICom 2021
• AIOU Solved Assignments of BS ODL 2021
• AIOU Solved Assignments of BEd 2021
• AIOU Solved Assignments of Associate Degree Program ADP 2021
• AIOU Solved Assignments of MA, MSc, MEd

Read Also: Check AIOU Tutor Address Online by Roll Number

Allama Iqbal Open University now providing the facility of PDF books in Soft Form for its students. If one has not received its books then he/she can download the AIOU books in PDF .

As we above mentioned that it is necessary to submit assignments because of AIOU count Assignments Marks in Final Result . Submission of Assignments is necessary and students do not have proper guides to solve the questions. That’s why they look for the pre-solved assignments of AIOU . Or, they contact in contact to get pre-hand-written assignments.

Let’s dive in the AIOU Solved Assignments B.A PDF.

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Download Free AIOU BA Solved Assignments PDF

And, here is the complete details about deadline of the submission of these assignments.

Read Also: Download FREE AIOU Solved Assignments in PDF

Deadline (Last Date) to submit Assignments

AIOU Solved Assignments of 3 credit hours subjects

These all books are present in PDF, you can easily avail these in your any device which can open the PDF file.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

What is the last date of aiou ba assignments submission.

Allama Iqbal Open University has extended the date of Assignments. You can submit your first three assignments by March 15, 2021 . And, the last date for all assignments submission is April 15, 2021 .

How can I check my BA tutor online?

Well, it is pretty much easy to check AIOU tutor online. You just need your Roll Number to check your assigned tutor. Open this link and here enter your Roll Number to check your Tutor Information online.

How to check AIOU BA result online?

Check your AIOU BA result online by entering your Roll Number. Open this link to check your AIOU BA result online. AIOU has successfully announced BA results. Moreover, you can check the AIOU BA result of past years from 2002 to 2020 also by entering your Roll Number.

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Home » AIOU Solved Assignment Spring 2024 Free Download

AIOU Solved Assignment Spring 2024 Free Download

Welcome, Dear Student, now you can download AIOU solved assignment free of cost for the semester Spring 2024. We have listed all class assignments on this page for the AIOU students. We also have instructions on how you can download AIOU Solved Assignment Spring 2024 completely free using below links.

آپ کو کونسی کلاس کی اسائیمنٹس چاہئے؟

Solved Assignments of AIOU Spring 2024 are available for Matric, FA, BA, BS (old), Associate Degree, BSc, B.Ed, MA, MSc, and M.Ed levels. Any student can download the AIOU Solution Assignment from here. Click on the relevant level for the download assignment.

AIOU FIXED SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS AS WELL AS FREE DOWNLOAD Spring 2024 TO GET

We know that Allama Iqbal Open University Pakistan offers a wide variety of courses. Allama Iqbal Open University AIOU tutor a federal government. Providing quality education to all Uni and Pakistani students. In addition, Allama Iqbal Open University offers distance education. AIOU Edu is based on a semester system called Spring and Autumn. The spring semester runs from July until the end of the year, that is, until December. In addition, the autumn semester begins from December to July.

WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF AIOU FREE SOLVED ASSIGNMENT Spring 2024?

AIOU free solved assignments are very important for students. Also, you cannot pass your semester without submitting the assigned AIOU free assignments. Due to an issue, you will not submit a fixed assignment declaring you a failure. Even if you attend your exam and get 90% marks, it does not matter. So assignment submission is mandatory.

AIOU RESOLVED TASKS AUTUMN AND SPRING LAST DATE Spring 2024

Finally, AIOU has announced a deadline which is the beginning of the semester and they will strictly follow it. Assignments depend on your curriculum, and you want to know what that means. Some of your books have 2  assignments and some books have 4 assignments. So do not worry about AIOU free solved assignments that focus only on the assigned assignments and submit them.

WHERE TO SUBMIT AOU RESOLVED ASSIGNMENT Spring 2024

The main thing is to submit when you have solved your assignments. Most students have solved our AIOU free solved assignments but have the question of what to do. When you join AIO the students announce the tutors every semester and you will receive your tutors’ letter at home. Submit them to your AIOU tutors after the assigned assignment, they will check your assignment and submit your AIOU Solution Assignment marks to the University.

AIOU MATRICULATION FREE SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS Spring 2024

Allama Iqbal Open University has a basic level of matriculation, AU starts its program from matriculation. Many students enrolled at this level are increasingly uncomfortable with the program of the Allama Iqbal Open University. It also means that “they do not know how the AU distance education system works” to solve an assignment. We can provide you with as many metric solution assignments as you want, but if you can not find the code-fixed assignments you need, you do not have to worry about it. Because you can also buy Aiou Solution Assignment from us.

AIOU HSSC (F.A) ASSIGNMENTS Spring 2024 FIXED

We all know that there are many courses/degrees AIOU offers at this level like FA, ICS, and I.com! Assignments at this level are also very difficult to solve due to the lack of convenience of new subjects. We have uploaded very few resolved assignments for this level at this time. You can also purchase resolved assignments from us.

GRADUATION (B.A.) AIOU ASSIGNMENTS Spring 2024 FIXED

Undergraduate (BA) level is easy for those who are already attending FA degree from Allama Iqbal Open University. Do you know why I say it’s easy for older students? If you do not find what you are looking for then just ask.

ARE AIOU ASSIGNMENTS Spring 2024 FIXED?

How to download aiou free solved assignment spring 2024.

We took creating and developing the idea of a separate page for AIOU free solved assignments from old page. We make this section understandable to the average user. This section will be updated automatically as the AIOU semester changes from autumn to spring. When you ask for a Spring Solved Assignment or Autumn Solution Assignment, the assignment will be added automatically for the Spring 2024 Semester. We hope you all like this new section for assignments. If you encounter any problems, feel free to comment below. This is great news for AIO Spring 2024 Resolved Assignments.

AIOU METRIC SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS Spring 2024 FREE DOWNLOAD

AIOU Small Degree Program Metric. Many AIO metric students do not know how to download metric AIO solution assignments from sites on Google. They search for their code and even if they open the site they have no content or they get paid. Education tutors offer solved assignments at no charge. Also check that Allah says “I will give you what you tried to get”: AIOU Tutor Spring 2024.

Submission of AIOU Solution Assignment Spring 2024 to AIOU Tutors

Howdy, meanwhile you are done writing your assignments you can look for the address of the tutor. Firstly pack your assignments very professionally and secondly, you need to look for a TCS office near your home. Similarly, you can look for the post office as well to submit your assignments. Meanwhile, you looking for a delivery office make sure you attach the assignment form as well.

Will AIOU Assignments Solve Autumn and Spring 2024?

AIOU solved assignments, understood tasks Spring 2024 | Free Download All BA Free Famiod AIO Tasks are transferred in PDF format. AIOU ba understands the Spring 2024 spring program | Free Download All BA Free Got AIO Tasks PDF AIOU Fixed Assignments Moved to Spring 2024 Free Download.

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Metric Solved Assignments Spring 2024 You can use this page to set up matriculation resolved assignments. This site is important for AIOU assignment professionals. We handle extensive work for PDF handmade and AIOU LMS online tasks. You may be wondering why he sells works on the web! Of course, we do this because we do it with a guarantee of metric fathoming functions. We are responsible for our actions.

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These assignments are in a composed structure and the document is in PDF format, consequently which is easy to view and print on the web. Or download it again by clicking on the View / Download connection. If the viewer sees anything wrong, please contact or follow our Facebook page. AIOU fathomed tasks matric to MA level AIOU Spring 2024 Download AIOU fathomed tasks pdf Download bright jobs.

Allama iqbal open university Assignment Spring 2024 b.ed fixed

Above all now you can download your AIOU Solution Assignments for BEd Semester Spring and Autumn in PDF form below. Download Allama Iqbal Open University B.Ed Fixed Assignment Here! You can search here and download AIOU’s B.Ed Fixed Assignment from here.

AIOU Resolved Assignments‌A M.Aed Fall and Spring 2024

In other words, you can download your AIOU Solution Assignments MA MEd from here. All code assignments of Allama Iqbal Open University are available from AIOU Fixed Assignment link for Spring 2024. PS: Share this article with your friends.

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AIOU Solved Assignment 2024 Spring & Autumn

AIOU solutions for the Spring 2024 and Fall 2024 can be downloaded for the Matric F.A., B.A., BS (Old) Bachelor Degrees, Associate Degrees B.Ed, MA, MSc, and M.Ed levels. Anyone can download an AIOU-solved assignment here. Click on the relevant area to download the assignment.

AIOU Solved Assignment 2024

AIOU solutions for autumn and spring 2024 are available for each program, including Matric F.A., B.A., BS (Hons) and ADP, Associate Degree Program(ADP), and BSc, B.Ed, MA, MSc as well as M.Ed levels. Anyone can download AIOU-solved assignments for Spring and Autumn 2024 by visiting this. Click on the appropriate program to download the AIOU solved assignment 2024 pdf.

AIOU Solved Assignment 2024 Spring & Autumn

AIOU Solved Assignment 2024 Allama Iqbal open university solved Assignments 2024 can be reviewed or downloaded. MAtric F.A., B.A., B.Ed., MA, MSc Associate Degree, BS Programs, and B.Ed. M.Ed. Programming for all assignments to codes is available for download in PDF and book format.

To assist learners, AIOU, all Spring and autumn-related assignments have been uploaded. It is necessary to enter your subject code and click the download button. AIOU assignments are extremely important for students. If you fail to submit AIOU completed assignments, you’ll be declared as failed.

Allama Iqbal Open University is one of the largest universities in Pakistan that provides students with the highest quality education facilities. The ideal platform allows students to continue their education with no hurdles. The university has the most skilled, educated, and hardworking teachers to help promote distance learning and education. The principal goal of the school is to offer education to students who wish to pursue their studies but cannot afford regular education. AIOU offers distance learning to draw students toward the necessary education.

AIOU solved Assignment 2024 Spring, and Fall PDF AIOU Solved Assignment 2024 Spring & Autumn PDF AIOU addressed Spring 2024 and Autumn 2024, is accessible to students with Matric, F.A., B.A., BS (Old) Associate Degree, BSc B.Ed., MA, MSc, and M.Ed. Levels. Every student can download AIOU-addressed assignments from this page. Select the appropriate grade for the task to download.

AIOU Solved Assignments Autumn and Spring 2024-25

AIOU completed assignments in the fall of 2022. Matric is now available. Anyone can download AIOU completed assignments for Spring and fall 2022-2024 of Matric grade. Click on an assignment and download it in PDF format.

The platform is designed with accurate and genuine solutions to assignments from the session association. It is a well-organized and well-managed institute. It is committed to providing high-quality education to students. Thus, AIOU offers a few tasks to students to improve their abilities. Students are required to submit these assignments to their tutor on time. Some students have problems with AIOU Solved Assignments. We desire to help those students; we offer AIOU Solved Assignments for Spring and Autumn 2024. You can choose the appropriate level for you and, of course.

Here, You can download the Air Studio nine assignment solved Spring 2024 B.A. and B.Com for all subjects. We offer B.A. assignments for the spring and autumn of 2024, which are available to download. AIOU changed its method from manual to online. It is possible to use the AIOU Laghi LMS portal for all actions. Below are all PDF download URLs where it is possible to download all the B.A. assignments for 2024.

With these assignments that have been solved, you’ll be able to get the best direction for achieving good grades. All assignments are provided in PDF format. Take the time to read them thoroughly and correctly solve your problem.

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IGNOU BEGS 185 Solved Assignment 2024-25 English Language Teaching IGNOU Solved Assignment IGNOU BAG English (2024-2025) begs185 Unknown Binding – 1 January 2022

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Cambridge IGCSE Business Studies (0450)

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The Cambridge IGCSE Business Studies syllabus develops learners' understanding of business activity in the public and private sectors, and the importance of innovation and change. Learners find out how the major types of business organisation are established, financed and run, and how their activities are regulated. Factors influencing business decision-making are also considered, as are the essential values of cooperation and interdependence. 

Learners not only study business concepts and techniques but also enhance related skills such as numeracy and enquiry. The syllabus provides both a foundation for further study at Cambridge International A Level and an ideal preparation for the world of work.

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Semester: Spring, 2022

• The part is of the product 1 type
• The part is unacceptable
• The part is an acceptable unit of product 3
• The part is an unacceptable unit of product 1
• The part is acceptable, given that the selected part is a unit of product 2
• The part is product 1, given that the selected part is acceptable
• The part is product 3, given that the selected part is unacceptable
• Robbing a bank and going to jail.
• Not paying your power bill on time and having your power cut off.
• Boarding a plane first and finding a good seat.
• Parking illegally and getting a parking ticket. Parking illegally increases your odds of getting a ticket.
• Buying ten lottery tickets and winning the lottery. The more tickets you buy, the greater your odds of winning.
• Driving a car and getting in a traffic accident.
• When two events are independent, one event does not influence the probability of another event.
• Owning a dog and growing your own herb garden.
• Paying off your mortgage early and owning a Chevy Cavalier.
• Winning the lottery and running out of milk.
• Buying a lottery ticket and finding a penny on the floor (your odds of finding a penny does not depend on you buying a lottery ticket).
• Taking a cab home and finding your favorite movie on cable.
• Getting a parking ticket and playing craps at the casino.
• Here are more formal ways to quantify dependent or independent events. You’ll come across these formulas in basic  probability .
• P(A|B) = P(A).
• P(B|A) = P(B)
• i) Construct the probability distribution for this experiment and determine the probability that
• ii) None of three is unemployed
• All girls – 0.5*0.5*0.5 =0.125 (12.5%)
• 2Boys 1 Girl — 3C2 * 0.125 = 37.5%
• At least 2 girls — 2Girls 1 boy + all girls = 37.5% +12.5% = 50%
• 2 Boys at most — All posibilities — P(all boys) = 100%– 12.5% =67.5%
• ii) [–5, –3]
• iv) (5, 10]
• i) |7x – 12 | = |4–3x|
• ii) [5x – 4| £ –10
• i) Determine the slope intercept equation (V = mt + k) which relates the value V of the machine to its age t.
• ii) Interpret the meaning of the slope and V intercept.

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MCO-04: Business Environment

Ignou solved assignment solution for 2022-23, if you are looking for mco-04 ignou solved assignment solution for the subject business environment, you have come to the right place. mco-04 solution on this page applies to 2022-23 session students studying in mcom, mcomft, mcommafs courses of ignou., looking to download all solved assignment pdfs for your course together, mco-04 solved assignment solution by gyaniversity.

Assignment Code: MCO-04/ASST/TMA/2022-23

Course Code: MCO-04

Assignment Name: Business Environment

Year: 2022-2023

Verification Status: Verified by Professor

Attempt all the questions

1) What do you understand by business environment? Discuss its importance for the business. (20)

Ans ) The overall surrounds that have an impact on business operations, either directly or indirectly, are referred to as the business environment. In this context, the term "business environment" refers to all external elements that may have an impact on how a business operates. The phrase "business environment" has, nevertheless, been employed by certain specialists in a very broad sense. According to them, a company organization's internal environment, which includes the resources at its disposal, its management's goal and objectives, its value system, and other factors, influences business activities just as much as external environmental factors do.

The business may benefit from different opportunities provided by the external environment, which includes the economic, sociocultural, political, technological, ecological, legal, and regulatory context in which it operates, or it may face risks or difficulties. However, the internal environment, with its physical and psychological resources, aids management in adjusting to and coping with the external environment. Therefore, internal and external environmental factors are both necessary for the existence and development of every business. The word "business environment," however, typically refers to the external forces and causes that are independent of the corporation and differ from one country to another.

The business environment can be divided into two categories: economic and non-economic. Economic environment variables include things like fiscal and monetary policy, industrial policy, kind of economic system, rate of economic growth, etc. On the other side, the non-economic environment includes socio-cultural, politico-legal, technological, and ecological aspects. It should be recognised that the economic and non-economic environments cannot be distinguished or named solely. Both interact with one another, making it impossible and insignificant to treat them separately. The noneconomic environment influences the economic environment while also influencing the economic environment.

For instance, sociological issues and social norms have an impact on the economic situation, and values are influenced by people's financial levels. As a result, every important component of the economic environment interacts with every important component of the non-economic environment. Any company's capacity to predict the nature, extent, and dimensions of changes that are anticipated to occur in both sets of environmental factors, as well as the extent to which those changes will affect each set of environmental factors, is essential to its success. By making the required adjustments to its strategies, business adjusts to the changes that are anticipated to occur.

Significance of Business Environment

Business environment is dynamic: The various elements that make up the corporate environment are always changing. As a result, their influence on the company is constantly evolving. You are aware that due to advancements in the economy, society, and technology, the marketplaces for a lot of products have seen remarkable changes throughout time. In order to handle the new difficulties, management must keep track of these developments and make the appropriate adjustments to its strategies in a timely manner.

Business environment is complex: The environment is made up of numerous elements that come from various situations, occurrences, conditions, and influences. These causes, occurrences, circumstances, and effects do not exist in a vacuum; rather, they interact to produce a new set of influences. Individual environmental elements can be understood quite simply, but it can be challenging to fully grasp the cumulative effect because different environmental conditions call for a variety of contradictory and complex reactions.

Business environment is multifaceted: The observer's perspective affects how the business environment is seen. Some people may view a certain environmental change as an opportunity, while others may see it as a threat. Because of this, the corporate environment is likewise complex.

Business environment has a far reaching impact: The existence, continuation, and expansion of the firm are all significantly impacted by the environmental changes. Any environmental change may have an impact on the demand for the company's goods and services and, consequently, its profitability.

Every business organisation must understand and constantly monitor its environment since the nature of the business environment is dynamic, complex, and multifaceted and has a significant impact on its survival, continuity, and growth. This will allow company strategists to adjust to developments and utilise their internal resources most effectively at a particular time. These environmental changes, whether they are actual or hypothetical, provide the essential information for making strategic decisions. Simply keeping an eye on the environment is insufficient. The data gathered in this way must be applied to future planning and the development of suitable strategies at various levels.

2) How does socio-cultural environment affect business decision-making? Give a brief ketch of the nature of socio-cultural environment prevailing in India. (20)

Ans ) Socio-cultural factors can involve social attitudes, beliefs, education, legal structure and political ideology. However, as society and culture change, our responsibility as a business owner or leader is to adapt and stay ahead of our competitors and remain relevant in the minds of our consumers. One of the major socio-cultural factors influencing businesses and business decisions is changing consumer preferences. What was popular and fashionable 20 years ago may not be popular today or 10 years down the road. Different styles and priorities can undermine long successful products and services. For example, a clothing company must constantly be aware of changing preferences when creating new products or it will quickly become outdated.

Another example is the marketing industry. Ten years ago, consumers wanted businesses to market their products and services on TV, radio and in newspapers. But after the introduction of the iPhone and the emergence of social media, consumer preferences changed. Audiences have now become more mobile, which means that to reach them, companies have had to develop mobile marketing strategies. Changes in demographics are also a significant factor in the business world. As populations age, for example, markets for popular music and fashions may shrink while markets for luxury goods and health products may increase. Additionally, changes in the proportion of genders and different racial, religious and ethnic groups within a society may also have a significant impact on the way a company does business.

This is especially true when it comes to marketing products and services to a younger generation. For example, clothing styles are always changing, but the most significant change occurs in the demographics of prospective buyers. It used to be that business owners in the clothing industry could cast a wide net and reel in customers, but with audiences so segmented, understanding the growing power of Generation Z, for example, is vital. This audience is often categorized as buyers born in 1995 onwards, and they have emerged over the past five years as a motivated consumer group. In addition to a company's interactions with the market and its customers, socio-cultural factors also impact a company's internal decision-making process. For example, changing gender roles and increasing emphasis on family life have led to increased respect for maternity and paternity leave with organizations. Additionally, attitudes toward racial discrimination and sexual harassment have changed drastically over the years as a result of a socio-cultural change.

More recently, sexual harassment has become an explosive issue, driven by the countless number of powerful corporate leaders that have run afoul of harassment charges. As a result, societal attitudes about how women should be treated in the workplace have dramatically shifted. In the past, an “old boys network” was tolerable if only because women didn’t feel empowered to push back against entrenched ideas about their work roles. But as women have begun speaking up and telling their stories regarding harassment, company leaders have taken note. It’s no longer acceptable for you to take a laissez-faire attitude about how your female employees are treated by male colleagues. Business leaders that maintain this type of work environment not only risk breaking the law; they risk the reputation of a permissive, hostile workplace that will ultimately damage their brand.

Socio-Culture Environment in India

high prevalence of impersonal, bureaucratic social interactions and mistrust of others due to the idea that people are inherently bad. a highly centralised administrative structure, an emphasis on hierarchical position in decision-making that is excessive, bureaucratic delays, a lack of delegation, an unsatisfied workforce, and an accentuation of indifference in both individuals and groups.

Genre and pervasive apathy, separation of work from its outcomes due to the conviction that those outcomes are predetermined. Work is done without much interest. commitment or ride

Poor connections between superiors and subordinates, a general lack of discipline at all levels.

Human inequality, persistent mistrust of others, and excessive self-centred behaviour that discourages cooperation and teamwork

generally uninterested and quite conflicted

3) What is an industrial license? Enumerate the circumstances under which it is necessary. (20)

Ans ) Industrial License means the exclusive worldwide marketing, distribution and licensing rights for the treatment of industrial waste water in industries such as the oil and gas industry. The Licensor will grant to the Licensee all of the patent and intellectual rights of the Licensor used in the business of the sale, marketing and distribution of the Licensor’s water sterilization technology, a high voltage electrolysis device that transforms water, solely for industrial applications, including the right to sublicense pursuant to written consent from Licensor, whereby Licensee’s rights are sole and entire and operate to exclude all others, except as otherwise expressly provided herein. 

The main aim of the licensing policy is to regulate the industrial sector are  Encouraging small scale industry,  Encouraging new entrepreneurs for setting industries, Regulating location of industrial units, To ensuring balanced regional development, Promoting technological advancements in industries and  Development and control of Industrial Investment and production.

Present Position of Licensing Policy

Compulsory Licensing: According to the New Industrial Policy of 1991, it is necessary to obtain license only in case of 15 industries which are engaged in the field of defence-equipment’s, luxury goods and hazardous commodities. In the wake of liberalization this number has been reduced to 5.The five industries for which licensing is compulsory are  Alcoholic Products Industrial Explosives Aerospace and defence equipment Hazardous Chemicals, Tobacco products

Protection to Small Industries: In order to protect the small scale industries and save them from competition with large industries, the production of certain products was reserved for the small industries. Only 239 items are reserved for small scale industries.

Industries Reserved for Public Sector: Some industries had been reserved for the public sector. These industries  could  be  established in the public sector only and the private sector was not granted licenses for the establishment of these industries. Only 3 industries reserve for the public sector such as atomic minerals, atomic energy and railway.

Definition of Large Industrial Houses: In the new industrial policy of 1991, the limit on holding assets was completely abolished and there is no restrictions on size of large business houses. The new policy  lays greater stress on preventing unfair trade practices rather than on the size of business houses. In 2002 the government abolished MRTP Act.

Licensing for the Expansion of Production Capacity: According to  the new policy of 1991, No license is required for the expansion of production capacity of MRTP companies. In the present situation, there is no restriction on expansion of production-capacity except five licensed industries.

Necessary Industrial License in the Circumstances

As per the licensing policy, it is necessary to obtain license in the following circumstances:

For setting up New Industrial Units: If any industrial unit is to be set up in the category of licensing industries it has to obtain license under Industries Development and Regulation Act,1951.

For Expansion: Under  Industrial Licensing Policy,  if any industrial unit which is covered under licensing wants to expand its production capacity then it will have to obtain prior approval under this act.

Location of Industrial Units: Any Industrial Unit wants to change it location then it will have to take prior approval. An Industrial License is required for projects which are to be located in large cities with a population of more than 10 lakhs. Only after obtaining approval, the location can be changed.

For  producing Articles Reserved for Small Scale Industries: An  industrial  undertaking  wants  to manufacture an item reserved for small scale sector it is required to obtain industrial license. The list of items reserved for small scale industries is reviewed from time to time. At this time 239 items were reserved for small scale sector.

Registration of Existing Industrial Units: An existing Industrial Units which were existing before enforcement of this act and are covered under industrial licensing will have to obtain registration under this act

4) Why is Indian economy regarded an underdeveloped economy? State its basic characteristics. (20)

Ans ) An underdeveloped economy is defined as an economy which has got unexploited natural resources and unutilized human resources. In other words, it is an economy, having a potentiality to grow. An underdeveloped economy shows the following features:

In the underdeveloped countries, natural resources remain unexploited and underexploited due to various reasons. Systematic utilisation of natural resources alone can lead to -economic development.

An underdeveloped country is basically a primary producing country, engaging its factors of production to produce only raw materials and foodstuffs. The percentage of population engaged in. agricultural sector is very high (70% in Indian context) and a major part of total national income comes from agriculture and activities allied to agriculture (around 30% in India).

In case of UDCs, the scarcity of capital is both the cause and effect of low productivity and underdevelopment. Due to scarcity of capital, a better technique of production cannot be adopted in India due to undeveloped technology total volume of production and productivity is low. Due to low production and productivity, level of income is less, and consequently, less amount of capital is available to adopt better technique of production. Thus, poverty is both the cause and the consequence.

A chief feature of an UDC like India is its high population pressure. The high birth-rate and low deathrate are responsible for a break-neck rise in Indian population. At present, the annual growth rate of population according to 2001 census stands at 2.13%. This rapid growth of population stands as an obstacle in the smooth development of the economy.

UDCs are characterized by low per capita income and grinding poverty scenario. In India, the per capita income is less than 1/3 of the per capita income of the developed western countries, and, according to the revised estimate of the Planning Commission about 50% of the total populations in India live below the poverty line.

The underdeveloped countries are also characterized by widespread unemployment, underemployment and disguised unemployment. In India large numbers of people engaged in the agricultural sector are underemployed or disguisedly unemployed, apart from the large number of white- coloured unemployed, existing in the register of Employment Exchanges.

The underdeveloped economies are also backward in the field of human resources. In these countries, the quality of people as productive agent is very low. There is low labour efficiency, lack of entrepreneurship and economic ignorance. People being illiterate are guided by blind beliefs, customs and traditions. People become fatalists and believe that man’s fortune is decided by fate and not by one’s own efforts.

In these economies, there is a lack of infrastructural facilities like transport, banking, health, power, education and information technology. People also adopt an outdated technique of production which results in low productivity.

Some of these features are as follows:

Low Income: In India GNP (Gross National Product) per capita was $1,180 in 2009 at current prices, roughly one third of the population is below the poverty line. On world scale, income inequalities between the developed and underdeveloped countries arc very large.

Predominance of Agriculture: In India agriculture and allied sectors contribute nearly 14.2 percent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) according to the 2010-11 estimates released by the Central Statistics Office (CSO). Moreover, in India agriculture provides employment to around .50 per cent of the workforce.

Rapid Population Growth Rate and High Dependency Ratio: High population growth rate is also an indicator of underdevelopment. India’s population growth rate was 1.93% per annum and 21.34 % per decade during 1991-2001, which is still very high as compared to developed economies. Dependency ratio refers to ratio of dependent population (non-working) to total population. In India dependency ratio is around 60% which is very high. This is because of high birth rate and social circumstances.

Mass Poverty : According to United Nations Development Programme’s (UNDP) Global Human Development index 2011. India is ranked 134th among 187 countries. The report says 53 per cent of Indians suffer from multidimensional poverty. The Planning Commission released the second India Human Development Report (HDR) 2011.

Unemployment and Underemployment: Unemployment is a phenomenon of all economies whether developed or underdeveloped. But nature and degree of unemployment is different in developed and underdeveloped economies. In developed economics most of the unemployment is cyclical which arises because of fluctuations in business cycles. In underdeveloped economies like India, chronic unemployment is found which results from the structural defects in the economy.

Inequality : Inequality in distribution of income and wealth is found in every country but this is wider in underdeveloped economies. In India bottom 40% of rural population possess only 5% of rural assets while 8% top households possess 46% of total rural assets. This disparity is more intensive in urban areas.

Scarcity of Capital : Capital is considered as the most important factor in the development of an economy. In underdeveloped economies like India, capital availability per person is very low which results in low productivity and low per capita income. Low per capita income again results in low savings, low investment and low capital formation.

5) Explain the concept of globalization as a national policy with particular references to the policy initiative taken by the Government of India since 1991. (20)

Ans ) The word "globalisation" has several meanings. It might be taken to indicate unrestricted global movement of all resources, including people, capital, technology, and products and services. Since there would be no political boundaries between nations and no concept of individual sovereignty for those who live in various political systems, the precise meaning of this phrase is evidently speculative.

If the phrase is understood from the perspective of a huge firm, it could suggest that the world is seen as an open market with no distinction between domestic and international trade. The planning and implementation of manufacturing, distribution, marketing, financing, employment, etc. by a corporation with a worldwide vision may therefore be described as globalisation. This goes beyond the internationalisation that occurs when businesses from two or more different countries conduct business with one another. An illustration of the idea of globalisation as a global viewpoint can be found in the Japanese Honda Motor Company. The company's management intentionally works to set up the organisation so that all of its major clients are situated equally from the corporate headquarters. Instead of assuming that they are national operators expanding internationally, they consider themselves to be primarily global operators.

Globalization as a national policy may be regarded as an effort to liberalise cross-border trade in commodities, services, capital, technology, as well as in human and natural resources. In a strict sense, no government has adopted such a policy to date, although attempts are being made to reduce barriers to international commerce in products, services, and intangibles. The vast array of policy measures launched by the Indian government since 1991, particularly those pertaining to globalisation, privatisation, and liberalisation, may be cited in this context. As a part of economic reforms, globalisation may be construed to entail external sector liberalisation, or the easing of limitations on the flow of capital, technology, and goods across borders. This might be viewed as the economy's outward orientation. The following significant moves toward globalisation have been made, among other things:

The exchange rate management system has been updated, and the rupee is now convertible for all current account transactions at the going rate of exchange.

Bringing things under Open General Licence has raised the number of items that can be imported without a permit (OGL).

The maximum import tariff rate on items has been steadily decreased from 11% to 20%.

Capital goods and other inputs may be imported by exporters at reduced tariff rates.

In high priority industries, foreign direct investments (FDI) up to 51 percent equity are approved without any procedure bottlenecks.

Under certain conditions, automatic approval is given for foreign technological collaboration between Indian and foreign enterprises.

Securities traded on the primary and secondary capital markets may be purchased by foreign institutional investors.

Subject to a few restrictions, overseas corporate bodies (OBCs) and NRIs are permitted to invest up to 100 percent of their stock in high priority scheduled industries with full benefits of capital and income repatriation.

The corporate sector in India is urged to use the GDR and ADR mechanisms to reach the global financial markets.

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