presentation of cultural heritage

• Subject List
• Take a Tour
• For Authors
• Subscriber Services
• Publications
• African American Studies
• African Studies
• American Literature

Anthropology

• Architecture Planning and Preservation
• Art History
• Atlantic History
• Biblical Studies
• British and Irish Literature
• Childhood Studies
• Chinese Studies
• Cinema and Media Studies
• Communication
• Criminology
• Environmental Science
• Evolutionary Biology
• International Law
• International Relations
• Islamic Studies
• Jewish Studies
• Latin American Studies
• Latino Studies
• Linguistics
• Literary and Critical Theory
• Medieval Studies
• Military History
• Political Science
• Public Health
• Renaissance and Reformation
• Social Work
• Urban Studies
• Victorian Literature
• Browse All Subjects

How to Subscribe

• Free Trials

In This Article Expand or collapse the "in this article" section Cultural Heritage Presentation and Interpretation

Introduction, general overviews.

• Reference Works
• Edited Volumes
• Guidelines and Charters
• Organizations
• Younger Audiences
• General Audiences

Related Articles Expand or collapse the "related articles" section about

About related articles close popup.

Lorem Ipsum Sit Dolor Amet

Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; Aliquam ligula odio, euismod ut aliquam et, vestibulum nec risus. Nulla viverra, arcu et iaculis consequat, justo diam ornare tellus, semper ultrices tellus nunc eu tellus.

• Archaeological Education
• Heritage Language
• Indigenous Archaeology

Other Subject Areas

Forthcoming articles expand or collapse the "forthcoming articles" section.

• Landscape Archaeology
• Medical Activism
• Transhumance
• Find more forthcoming articles...
• Export Citations
• Share This Facebook LinkedIn Twitter

Cultural Heritage Presentation and Interpretation by John H. Jameson LAST REVIEWED: 24 February 2021 LAST MODIFIED: 24 February 2021 DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780199766567-0262

With conceptual roots going back to the first half of the 20th century, the public interpretation and presentation of cultural and archaeological heritage have become essential components in the conservation and protection of cultural heritage values and sites. By the early 21st century, the mechanisms and processes of public interpretation had reached a heightened level of sophistication and effectiveness. In the international arena, many leading organizations have emerged that are carrying the banner of interpretation principles for access, inclusion, and respect for multiple points of view. These principles emphasize the importance of dialogue facilitated by community engagement experts / laypersons, and participation in all phases of program planning, development, and delivery. Conventions and charters have been two of the most used categories of international documents to frame standards and guidelines for cultural and archaeological heritage management and presentation. International documents that specifically addressed the presentation and interpretation of archaeological heritage did not take shape until the late 20th century. The most important international document, to date, relating to interpretation and presentation of archaeological heritage sites is the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) Charter on the Interpretation and Presentation of Cultural Heritage Sites (2008). The charter lays out seven principles of interpretation and presentation about the conservation, education, and stewardship messages that represent the transcendent humanistic values of the resource. The concept of authenticity has become a central concern in the conservation and interpretation of cultural heritage. The Nara Document of 1994 ( ICOMOS 1994 , cited under Guidelines and Charters ) built on the Venice Charter ( ICOMOS 1965 , cited under Guidelines and Charters ), considering an expanding scope of cultural heritage concerns. It addresses the need for a broader understanding of cultural diversity and cultural heritage and underscores the importance of considering the cultural and social values of all societies. It emphasizes respect for other cultures, other values, and the tangible and intangible expressions that form part of the heritage of every culture. The Nara+20 text identifies five key interrelated issues highlighting prioritized actions to be developed and expanded within global, national, and local contexts by wider community and stakeholder involvement: (1) diversity of heritage processes, (2) implications of the evolution of cultural values, (3) involvement of multiple stakeholders, (4) conflicting claims and interpretations, and (5) the role of cultural heritage in sustainable development. The goal of more-inclusive interpretations requires an acceptance of divergent definitions of authenticity that depend on a level of tolerance of multiple definitions of significance with concomitant, objectively derived, assigned, and ascribed heritage values. We can hope that these efforts lead to the recognition of humanistic values that are reflected in cultural heritage narratives and heritage tourism practices as well as site commemoration and protection decisions by controlling authorities.

There are few overviews of the practice and methods of cultural heritage interpretation and presentation. Tilden 1957 pioneeringly laid down the main principles of interpretation (cultural and natural), built around the tenet of audience provocation, which have been generally followed ever since, albeit some early-21st-century scholars espouse the notion beyond Freeman Tilden’s principles of interpretation as a form of discourse within the wider community ( Silberman 2013 ). Beck and Cable 2002 , Ham 1992 , and Ham 2013 further refined the standards and examples for interpretation. Jameson 2020 covers the philosophical approaches and techniques exemplified by leading international organizations that have led to more-effective strategies for site protection and cultural heritage interpretation through enhanced public stewardship. The decades since the late 20th century have witnessed a dynamic period of evolving standards and philosophy in public archaeology and heritage interpretation. Philosophical approaches and techniques exemplified by the US National Park Service’s Interpretive Development Plan (IDP) program, the National Association for Interpretation’s (NAI’s) Certification & Training Program, and Interpret Europe’s European projects on heritage interpretation have formed a basis for the development of international definitions, standards, and collaborative approaches that lead to more-effective strategies for site protection and interpretation through enhanced public stewardship. Ham 2013 and Larsen 2011 are good examples of these broad overviews. A concentration on cultural (apart from natural) heritage interpretation has been supported by the US National Park Service (NPS) ( National Park Service 2019 ). Discussions on issues such as authenticity and inclusiveness continue to dominate international debates about the significance and proper use of sites ( ICOMOS 1994 , cited under Guidelines and Charters ). The challenges for international relevance and application posed by the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) Ename Charter initiative ( ICOMOS 2008 , cited under Guidelines and Charters ) form the center of future debates and deliberations. Silberman 2013 outlines the movement away from a “Tildenian conception of ‘heritage’” as an unquestioned good that can be unproblematically interpreted and a strictly didactic approach to a new paradigm that calls for heritage interpretation to be an informed and inclusive group activity, a facilitated dialogue among professionals and nonprofessionals. Smith 2006 and Smith 2012 contend that heritage is how the past becomes “active and alive” in the present, where authenticity is a key and underlying concept in community practice. The author rejects the Western notion of heritage as material fabric where the dominant “authorized heritage discourse” (AHD) is concomitant with the traditional power and knowledge relationships of technical experts.

Beck, Larry, and Ted T. Cable. 2002. Interpretation for the 21st century: Fifteen guiding principles for interpreting nature and culture . 2d ed. Champaign, IL: Sagamore.

This volume is a main reference for professional interpreters that enhances the reader’s understanding of how to interpret cultural and natural heritage. The fifteen guiding principles in this book assist anyone who works in parks, forests, wildlife refuges, zoos, museums, historical areas, nature centers, and tourism sites to conduct their work more effectively. The book serves as inspirational reading for students internationally and has been translated into Chinese.

Ham, Sam H. 1992. Environmental interpretation: A practical guide for people with big ideas and small budgets . Golden, CO: Fulcrum.

This is the first major “how to” book on public interpretation with an emphasis on environmental heritage. Written for those with limited resources, and drawing on decades of his own experience and his colleagues worldwide, Ham presents an unusually diverse collection of low-cost, effective techniques that really work. Readers learn how to communicate ideas more forcefully, and why these methods work. It is written for laypersons and experts alike.

Ham, Sam H. 2013. Interpretation: Making a difference on purpose . Golden, CO: Fulcrum..

This is an update to Ham’s seminal 1992 Environmental Interpretation on general interpretation methods and practice. He draws on then-recent advances in communication research and introduces the concept of the zone of tolerance (i.e., whether the thoughts expressed by the audience are within interpreter’s zone of tolerance or acceptance; if so, some changes are required in the interpreter’s approach). The book provides real-world solutions to practicing interpreters and for evaluating success.

Jameson, John H. 2020. Cultural heritage interpretation . In Encyclopedia of global archaeology . 2d ed. Edited by Claire Smith. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.

This is a comprehensive overview outlining a dynamic period from previous decades of evolving standards and philosophy. The article covers the philosophical approaches and techniques exemplified by leading international organizations that have formed a basis for the development of international definitions, standards, and collaborative approaches that lead to more-effective strategies for site protection and interpretation through enhanced public stewardship.

Larsen, David L., ed. 2011. Meaningful interpretation . 2d ed. Fort Washington, PA: Eastern National.

This book is a training and learning tool for interpreters. Using a personal-journaling format, this volume includes questions, text, exercises, and the insights of colleagues. It prompts the reader to explore the relationship of tangible resources to their intangible meanings, the role and purpose of interpretation, and the responsibilities of professionalism. It captures the philosophy, best practices, and benchmark curriculum of the NPS’s IDP.

National Park Service. 2019. Interpretation for archeologists: A guide to increasing knowledge, skills, and abilities .

Inspired by the NPS Shared Competency Module 440 of 2000, and first launched online in 2004, Interpretation for Archeologists follows a resource-based approach to interpretation that complements archaeological resources and their meanings. It shows how interpretive products use archaeological evidence to encourage the public to form meaningful, personal connections with past peoples and places and the resources that evidence their stories. The aim is to educate and to inspire, but also to engender a stewardship ethic.

Silberman, Neil A. 2013. Heritage interpretation as public discourse: Towards a new paradigm. In Understanding heritage: Perspectives in heritage studies . Edited by Marie-Theres Albert, Roland Bernecker, and Britta Rudolff, 21–34. Berlin: De Gruyter..

In this seminal paper, Silberman outlines the movement away from a “Tildenian conception of ‘heritage’” as an unquestioned good that can be unproblematically interpreted and a strictly didactic approach to increase public support for conservation. This approach, he says, flies in the face of seemingly irreconcilable conflicts over what heritage is significant and how it should be interpreted. The new paradigm calls for heritage interpretation to be an informed and inclusive group activity, a reflection of evolving community identity, and a facilitated dialogue among professionals and nonprofessionals.

Smith, Laurajane. 2006. Uses of heritage . London and New York: Routledge.

DOI: 10.4324/9780203602263

In this seminal work, the author contends that heritage is how the past becomes “active and alive” in the present, a multilayered performance that embodies acts of remembrance and commemoration, at the same time constructing a sense of place and belonging in the present, where authenticity is a key and underlying concept. Smith rejects the Western notion of heritage as material fabric of monumentality and aesthetics, where the dominant “authorized heritage discourse” (AHD) is concomitant with the traditional power and knowledge relationships of technical experts.

Smith, Laurajane. 2012. Discourses of heritage: Implications for archaeological community practice . Nuevo Mundo / Mundos Nuevos .

DOI: 10.4000/nuevomundo.64148

This paper summarizes previous arguments about the existence and nature of a Western and Eurocentric AHD and examines the consequences this discourse has for archaeological practices associated with community engagement and outreach. This discourse frames archaeology heritage practices and works to conceive heritage as specifically “archaeological heritage.” Smith argues that archaeologists need to engage in self-conscious and explicit challenges to this discourse to facilitate meaningful community partnerships.

Tilden, Freeman. 1957. Interpreting our heritage . Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press.

This is a long-used sourcebook for those who are responsible for and who respond to interpretive materials. Tilden’s six principles, involving provocation, audience relevance, going beyond a recitation of facts, interpretation as an art form, the development of themes, and not diluting information for younger audiences, have guided both natural and cultural heritage interpretation worldwide, with only minor edification, for over half a century.

Walker, Kaye, and Gianna Moscardo. 2014. Encouraging sustainability beyond the tourist experience: Ecotourism, interpretation and values. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 22.8: 1175–1196.

DOI: 10.1080/09669582.2014.918134

This article studies the potential of interpretation within ecotourism environments to contribute to sustainability. Data collected from passengers on cruise ships explored links between aspects of the overall tourist experience and tourist perceptions of the benefits of these experiences. A value model of interpretation (VMI) is offered that attempts to integrate theories of effective interpretive practice with a goal of enhancing tourist mindfulness and reflective engagement and consequent adoption of responsible behaviors beyond the interpretation experience.

back to top

Users without a subscription are not able to see the full content on this page. Please subscribe or login .

Oxford Bibliographies Online is available by subscription and perpetual access to institutions. For more information or to contact an Oxford Sales Representative click here .

• About Anthropology »
• Meet the Editorial Board »
• Africa, Anthropology of
• Agriculture
• Animal Cultures
• Animal Ritual
• Animal Sanctuaries
• Anorexia Nervosa
• Anthropocene, The
• Anthropological Activism and Visual Ethnography
• Anthropology and Education
• Anthropology and Theology
• Anthropology of Islam
• Anthropology of Kurdistan
• Anthropology of the Senses
• Anthrozoology
• Antiquity, Ethnography in
• Applied Anthropology
• Archaeobotany
• Archaeologies of Sexuality
• Archaeology
• Archaeology and Museums
• Archaeology and Political Evolution
• Archaeology and Race
• Archaeology and the Body
• Archaeology, Gender and
• Archaeology, Global
• Archaeology, Historical
• Archaeology, Indigenous
• Archaeology of Childhood
• Archaeology of the Senses
• Art Museums
• Art/Aesthetics
• Autoethnography
• Bakhtin, Mikhail
• Bass, William M.
• Benedict, Ruth
• Binford, Lewis
• Bioarchaeology
• Biocultural Anthropology
• Biological and Physical Anthropology
• Biological Citizenship
• Boas, Franz
• Bone Histology
• Bureaucracy
• Business Anthropology
• Cargo Cults
• Charles Sanders Peirce and Anthropological Theory
• Christianity, Anthropology of
• Citizenship
• Class, Archaeology and
• Clinical Trials
• Cobb, William Montague
• Code-switching and Multilingualism
• Cognitive Anthropology
• Cole, Johnnetta
• Colonialism
• Commodities
• Consumerism
• Crapanzano, Vincent
• Cultural Heritage Presentation and Interpretation
• Cultural Heritage, Race and
• Cultural Materialism
• Cultural Relativism
• Cultural Resource Management
• Culture and Personality
• Culture, Popular
• Curatorship
• Cyber-Archaeology
• Dalit Studies
• Dance Ethnography
• de Heusch, Luc
• Deaccessioning
• Design, Anthropology and
• Digital Anthropology
• Disability and Deaf Studies and Anthropology
• Douglas, Mary
• Drake, St. Clair
• Durkheim and the Anthropology of Religion
• Economic Anthropology
• Embodied/Virtual Environments
• Emotion, Anthropology of
• Environmental Anthropology
• Environmental Justice and Indigeneity
• Ethnoarchaeology
• Ethnocentrism
• Ethnographic Documentary Production
• Ethnographic Films from Iran
• Ethnography
• Ethnography Apps and Games
• Ethnohistory and Historical Ethnography
• Ethnomusicology
• Ethnoscience
• Evans-Pritchard, E. E.
• Evolution, Cultural
• Evolutionary Cognitive Archaeology
• Evolutionary Theory
• Experimental Archaeology
• Federal Indian Law
• Feminist Anthropology
• Film, Ethnographic
• Forensic Anthropology
• Francophonie
• Frazer, Sir James George
• Geertz, Clifford
• Gender and Religion
• GIS and Archaeology
• Global Health
• Globalization
• Gluckman, Max
• Graphic Anthropology
• Haraway, Donna
• Healing and Religion
• Health and Social Stratification
• Health Policy, Anthropology of
• Health, Race and
• House Museums
• Human Adaptability
• Human Evolution
• Human Rights
• Human Rights Films
• Humanistic Anthropology
• Hurston, Zora Neale
• Identity Politics
• India, Masculinity, Identity
• Indigeneity
• Indigenous Boarding School Experiences
• Indigenous Economic Development
• Indigenous Media: Currents of Engagement
• Industrial Archaeology
• Institutions
• Interpretive Anthropology
• Intertextuality and Interdiscursivity
• Laboratories
• Language and Emotion
• Language and Law
• Language and Media
• Language and Race
• Language and Urban Place
• Language Contact and its Sociocultural Contexts, Anthropol...
• Language Ideology
• Language Socialization
• Leakey, Louis
• Legal Anthropology
• Legal Pluralism
• Levantine Archaeology
• Liberalism, Anthropology of
• Linguistic Anthropology
• Linguistic Relativity
• Linguistics, Historical
• Literary Anthropology
• Local Biologies
• Lévi-Strauss, Claude
• Malinowski, Bronisław
• Margaret Mead, Gregory Bateson, and Visual Anthropology
• Maritime Archaeology
• Material Culture
• Materiality
• Mathematical Anthropology
• Matriarchal Studies
• Mead, Margaret
• Media Anthropology
• Medical Anthropology
• Medical Technology and Technique
• Mediterranean
• Mendel, Gregor
• Mental Health and Illness
• Mesoamerican Archaeology
• Mexican Migration to the United States
• Militarism, Anthropology and
• Missionization
• Morgan, Lewis Henry
• Multimodal Ethnography
• Multispecies Ethnography
• Museum Anthropology
• Museum Education
• Museum Studies
• NAGPRA and Repatriation of Native American Human Remains a...
• Narrative in Sociocultural Studies of Language
• Nationalism
• Needham, Rodney
• Neoliberalism
• NGOs, Anthropology of
• Niche Construction
• Northwest Coast, The
• Oceania, Archaeology of
• Paleolithic Art
• Paleontology
• Performance Studies
• Performativity
• Perspectivism
• Philosophy of Museums
• Plantations
• Political Anthropology
• Postprocessual Archaeology
• Postsocialism
• Poverty, Culture of
• Primatology
• Primitivism and Race in Ethnographic Film: A Decolonial Re...
• Processual Archaeology
• Psycholinguistics
• Psychological Anthropology
• Public Archaeology
• Public Sociocultural Anthropologies
• Religion and Post-Socialism
• Religious Conversion
• Repatriation
• Reproductive and Maternal Health in Anthropology
• Reproductive Technologies
• Rhetoric Culture Theory
• Rural Anthropology
• Sahlins, Marshall
• Sapir, Edward
• Scandinavia
• Science Studies
• Secularization
• Settler Colonialism
• Sex Estimation
• Sign Language
• Skeletal Age Estimation
• Social Anthropology (British Tradition)
• Social Movements
• Socialization
• Society for Visual Anthropology, History of
• Socio-Cultural Approaches to the Anthropology of Reproduct...
• Sociolinguistics
• Sound Ethnography
• Space and Place
• Stable Isotopes
• Stan Brakhage and Ethnographic Praxis
• Structuralism
• Studying Up
• Sub-Saharan Africa, Democracy in
• Surrealism and Anthropology
• Technological Organization
• Trans Studies in Anthroplogy
• Transnationalism
• Tree-Ring Dating
• Turner, Edith L. B.
• Turner, Victor
• University Museums
• Urban Anthropology
• Virtual Ethnography
• Visual Anthropology
• Whorfian Hypothesis
• Willey, Gordon
• Wolf, Eric R.
• Writing Culture
• Youth Culture
• Zora Neale Hurston and Visual Anthropology
• Privacy Policy
• Cookie Policy
• Legal Notice
• Accessibility

Powered by:

• [66.249.64.20|185.194.105.172]
• 185.194.105.172

Approaches to Cultural Heritage Presentation

In this digital lecture series, five curators at the Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage share methods of cultural heritage documentation, presentation, and preservation. Drawing from experience producing the Smithsonian Folklife Festival and cultural sustainability projects, their lectures explore effective modes of community engagement, language elicitation, and multigenerational education. Viewers will learn how to facilitate meaningful interactions with tradition bearers and audience members.

These lectures were conceived specifically for an audience of Tibetan cultural heritage professionals in China , but the methods and themes are applicable to practice in any region or language.

View transcript

1. Cultural Conversations at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival and Beyond

James Deutsch offers an introduction to the Smithsonian Folklife Festival as a model for museums to document, present, and preserve cultural heritage. In what we call “cultural conversations,” Festival visitors not only hear but also understand and value the first-person voices of the featured tradition bearers and the communities they represent. Viewers will learn various approaches to bringing first-person voices into their cultural spaces and events.

2. The Presentation of Artisans: The Community as Museum Space

Diana N’Diaye explains how museums can forge relationships and collaboratively develop projects with people in the community. Activating local neighborhood settings beyond the walls of the museum, programs can build new avenues of outreach and mutual engagement. Viewers will learn how to select and present performances, demonstrations, workshops, and discussions for the public that feature exemplary artisans and diverse forms of expressive culture.

3. Incorporating Language Diversity into Cultural Heritage Research and Presentations

Mary Linn focuses on the importance of language in cultural representation and conversations. Beyond signage and translation, there are many ways of incorporating the mother languages of artisans and tradition bearers at festivals and in museums. Viewers will learn ways in which research for museum collections, exhibits, and programming can create rich documentation that can be repurposed as language materials for future generations.

4. The Representation of Cultural Heritage through Effective Modes of Presentation and Interpretation

Marjorie Hunt explores some of the most effective modes of presentation and interpretation that enable diverse tradition bearers to tell their own stories, to speak in their own voices, and to facilitate meaningful face-to-face “cultural conversations.” Viewers will learn how to engage in ongoing dialogues with tradition bearers to better understand what they wish to present about their culture and traditions, then collaborate to determine the best ways to share that with the public.

5. Teaching Folklore to Learners of All Ages

Betty Belanus examines how to develop educational programs and materials for a wide audience, especially children and families. Through publications, online content, and digital and live programming, people of all ages can participate in community-based collaborative research and cultural self-representation. Viewers will learn strategies that have been successful in creating programs and activities that engage multigenerational groups in learning about cultural heritage.

Further Resources

• View all video transcripts as one document
• The Smithsonian Folklife and Oral History Interviewing Guide
• Video Production Handbook
• Videos: Art and Craft Traditions in China
• Online Exhibition: Lag Zo: Making on the Tibetan Plateau
• MOOC: Methods and Techniques for Documenting and Preserving Tibetan Culture

Cultural Conversations at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival and Beyond View transcript

The Presentation of Artisans: The Community as Museum Space View transcript

Incorporating Language Diversity into Cultural Heritage Research and Presentations View transcript

The Representation of Cultural Heritage through Effective Modes of Presentation and Interpretation View transcript

Teaching Folklore to Learners of All Ages View transcript

Having trouble viewing? Watch these videos on YouTube .

• Project Director: Halle Butvin Project Coordinator: Sloane Keller Project Facilitator and Translator: Khamo Video Editor: Kyle Baker Web Producer: Elisa Hough

Afrolatinidad: Art & Identity in D.C. is an interview series highlighting the vitality of the local Afro-Latinx community. Before the term Afro-Latinx entered popular discourse, Latin Americans of the Diaspora have been sharing their stories through artistic manifestations online and in community spaces throughout the district. Their perspectives are intersectional in nature of existing in between spaces of Blackness and Latinidad.

Email powered by MailChimp ( Privacy Policy , Terms of Use )

Australia ICOMOS

• Interpretation & Presentation of Heritage Places

ICOMOS International Scientific Committee on Interpretation and Presentation of Cultural Heritage Sites (ICIP)

The main task of ICIP is to study the evolving technologies and techniques of public interpretation and presentation, evaluating their potential to enrich contemporary historical discourse and to heighten sensitivity to the universal values and particular modes of human expression embodied in cultural heritage sites.

Heritage Interpretation Policy , NSW Heritage Office, 2005 [PDF size: 107KB]

Guidance on best practice in interpreting heritage places and objects.

(From personal reference resources of ISC20C member Sheridan Burke)

Interpreting heritage places and items , nsw heritage office, 2005 [pdf size: 120kb], sharing our stories , the national trust of australia (wa) & museums australia (wa)in partnership with lottery west, 2007.

Sharing our Stories aims to provide guidelines for community groups, local councils, government agencies and funding bodies in: understanding the principles of heritage interpretation, and the role it plays in community development.

(From personal reference resources of AICOMOS member Anne Brake)

We’re a dreaming country: guidelines for interpretation of aboriginal heritage , 2012.

We’re a Dreaming Country provides guidelines to ensure the respect, acknowledgment and ownership of Aboriginal place and story unfolds in a respectful and sensitive way for a variety of audiences. In this manner we can, together, acknowledge the past, reconcile the present and ensure custodianship for the future.

In this section ...

• The Australia ICOMOS / University of Canberra Heritage Studies PhD Scholarship
• Australia ICOMOS Burra Charter Series
• Australia ICOMOS Webinar Series
• Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Heritage
• Archaeological Heritage Management
• Built Heritage Conservation Generally
• Concrete (The Conservation of)
• Cultural Landscapes
• Cultural Routes
• Cultural Tourism
• Earthen Architectural Heritage
• Economics of Conservation
• Energy & Sustainability
• Fortifications & Military Heritage
• Heritage Documentation
• Heritage Impact Assessment
• Heritage Websites Generally (really useful websites)
• Industrial Heritage
• Intangible Cultural Heritage
• Legal, Administrative & Financial Issues and Heritage
• Mural (Wall) Paintings
• Polar Heritage
• Principles, Theory & Philosophy of Conservation
• Risk Preparedness
• Shared Built Heritage
• Stained Glass
• Stone (Conservation of)
• Traditional Trades
• Training (in Conservation)
• Twentieth Century Heritage
• Underwater Heritage
• Urban Areas, Towns & Villages (The Conservation of)
• Vernacular Architecture
• Wood (Conservation of)
• World Heritage
• Sharing & Showcasing Science Heritage
• Traditional Trades & Conservation
• Conference archives
• Submissions
• Other Australia ICOMOS Guidance
• Other Guiding Documents